# Oral hydrogen water prevents chronic allograft nephropathy in rats.
> 経口水素水投与によるラット腎移植後慢性拒絶反応（慢性移植腎症）の抑制


## Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in the interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy characteristic of chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN). Using an orthotopic kidney transplantation model (Lewis-to-Brown Norway rat), animals received hydrogen-rich water (HW) or regular water from day 0 through day 150 post-transplant. Recipients given regular water progressively developed proteinuria and declining creatinine clearance, culminating in graft failure. By contrast, HW-treated animals maintained better allograft function, showed slower CAN progression, exhibited reduced oxidative damage and inflammatory mediator levels, and achieved higher overall survival rates. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase inflammatory signaling cascades was markedly lower in renal allografts from HW-treated animals. These findings indicate that orally administered molecular hydrogen exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects capable of preserving transplanted kidney function in this experimental model.

### Mechanism

Molecular hydrogen scavenges ROS, thereby reducing oxidative damage and dampening MAPK-mediated inflammatory signaling, which collectively limits interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy in renal allografts.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Cardinal JS, Zhan J, Wang Y, Sugimoto R, Tsung A, McCurry KR, et al.
- **Journal**: Kidney Int
- **Year**: 2010
- **PMID**: [19907413](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19907413/)
- **DOI**: [10.1038/ki.2009.421](https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2009.421)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 19907413. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/19907413
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [19907413](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19907413/)