# Effect of hydrogen-rich water on acute peritonitis of rat models.
> 水素水が急性腹膜炎ラットモデルに与える影響の検討


## Abstract

Three distinct rat models of acute peritonitis were established using intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), fecal injection, or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats received hydrogen-rich water (HRW, 3 ml per rat) or saline by oral gavage for 7 days before and 3 days after model induction. Across all three models, HRW administration significantly reduced circulating white blood cell counts, plasma endotoxin levels, and pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. In visceral peritoneal tissue, HRW elevated glutathione (GSH) activity while decreasing myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed suppressed NF-κB expression in peritoneal tissue, and histopathological examination confirmed reduced tissue damage. These findings indicate that HRW attenuates acute peritonitis severity through combined anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial mechanisms.

### Mechanism

HRW suppresses NF-κB expression in peritoneal tissue, leading to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative stress markers (MDA, MPO), while enhancing the antioxidant glutathione (GSH), collectively mitigating peritoneal inflammation.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Zhang JH, Wu QF, Song SD, Wan Y, Zhang RJ, Tai MH, et al.
- **Journal**: Int Immunopharmacol
- **Year**: 2014
- **PMID**: [24793096](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24793096/)
- **DOI**: [10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.011](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.011)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 24793096. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/24793096
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [24793096](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24793096/)