# Effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and molecular hydrogen on the placental function in trophoblast cells.
> 絨毛細胞におけるビタミンC・ビタミンE・水素分子の胎盤機能への影響比較


## Abstract

Using two trophoblast cell lines, JAR and JEG-3, this in vitro study examined the effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and molecular hydrogen (H2) across multiple concentrations (0–5,000 µmol/L for vitamins; 0–500 µmol/L for H2) over a 48-hour exposure period. Cell viability assessed by MTS assay was significantly reduced by 500 µmol/L of either vitamin C or E, whereas equivalent H2 concentrations produced no such reduction. TNF-α expression at both mRNA and protein levels was elevated by 100 µmol/L vitamin C and 50 µmol/L vitamin E, individually or in combination, but remained unaffected across all H2 concentrations tested. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) secretion, however, was suppressed by H2 at 50–500 µmol/L as well as by high-dose vitamins. These findings suggest that high-dose antioxidant vitamins may impair placental cell viability and immune regulation, while H2 does not share these adverse properties, though its influence on hCG warrants further investigation in the context of preeclampsia.

### Mechanism

Unlike high-dose vitamins C and E, H2 does not suppress trophoblast viability or upregulate TNF-α expression, suggesting an absence of pro-inflammatory or cytotoxic effects; however, H2 at 50–500 µmol/L does reduce hCG secretion through an as-yet-uncharacterized mechanism.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Guan Z, Li H, Guo LL, Yang X
- **Journal**: Arch Gynecol Obstet
- **Year**: 2015
- **PMID**: [25681223](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25681223/)
- **DOI**: [10.1007/s00404-015-3647-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-015-3647-8)
- **Study type**: in vitro study
- **Delivery route**: in vitro
- **Effect reported**: mixed

## Delivery context

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

## Safety notes

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 25681223. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/25681223
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [25681223](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25681223/)