# Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen-rich water alleviate ethanol-induced fatty liver in mice.
> 水素水の抗酸化・抗炎症作用によるエタノール誘発性脂肪肝の軽減：マウスを用いた検討


## Abstract

This mouse study examined the hepatoprotective potential of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) against chronic ethanol (EtOH)-induced fatty liver. Female mice received a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet with EtOH for 12 weeks; HRW was administered orally at 1.2 mL per mouse three times daily. Silymarin served as a positive comparator. HRW directly scavenged hydrogen peroxide in a chemiluminescence assay. Serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, triglycerides, and total cholesterol were all significantly reduced by HRW. Hepatic lipid accumulation decreased, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were suppressed, while anti-inflammatory IL-10 and IL-22 levels rose. Oxidative stress markers improved: malondialdehyde declined, glutathione was restored, and superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities increased. Acyl ghrelin expression was also elevated, potentially mediating cytokine modulation.

### Mechanism

HRW elevates acyl ghrelin expression, which suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 while inducing IL-10 and IL-22. Concurrently, antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase are activated, reducing hepatic oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Lin CL, Chuang WC, Lu FJ, Chen C
- **Journal**: World J Gastroenterol
- **Year**: 2017 (2017-07-21)
- **PMID**: [28785146](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28785146/)
- **DOI**: [10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4920](https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4920)
- **PMC**: [PMC5526762](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5526762/)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 28785146. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/28785146
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [28785146](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28785146/)