# Dissolved molecular hydrogen (H) in Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) solutions preserves mesothelial cells and peritoneal membrane integrity.
> 腹膜透析液への水素溶解が腹膜中皮細胞および腹膜の完全性を保護する実験的検討


## Abstract

Peritoneal membrane deterioration is a major obstacle to long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) in end-stage kidney disease. This animal study investigated whether H2-dissolved PD solution (400 ppb H2) could mitigate peritoneal damage in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving daily intraperitoneal injections for 10 days. Compared with standard PD solution, the H2-enriched formulation significantly reduced sub-mesothelial thickening and decreased the number of cells positive for apoptosis, proliferation markers, and vimentin. M2 macrophages (CD163+) were predominant in the peritoneum of H2-treated animals. In an iron-induced oxidative injury model (FeCl2, 5 μM), H2-containing solution attenuated mesothelial cell loss and sub-mesothelial thickening. These findings suggest that dissolving H2 into PD solutions may help preserve peritoneal membrane structure and mesothelial cell viability during dialysis.

### Mechanism

H2 is proposed to scavenge reactive oxygen species, thereby reducing mesothelial cell apoptosis and sub-mesothelial fibrosis. A shift toward M2 macrophage (CD163+) predominance in the peritoneum may additionally contribute to suppression of inflammation and structural remodeling.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Nakayama M, Zhu WJ, Watanabe K, Gibo A, Sherif AM, Kabayama S, et al.
- **Journal**: BMC Nephrol
- **Year**: 2017 (2017-10-31)
- **PMID**: [29089029](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29089029/)
- **DOI**: [10.1186/s12882-017-0741-0](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-017-0741-0)
- **PMC**: [PMC5664574](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664574/)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: injection / infusion
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Intravenous hydrogen-saline infusion is a clinic-only route and is not viable for everyday self-administration. For routine hydrogen intake, inhalation is the most practical route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration 66% / 100% devices are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Intravenous hydrogen-saline infusion is a clinic-only route and is not viable for everyday self-administration. For routine hydrogen intake, inhalation is the most practical route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration 66% / 100% devices are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 29089029. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/29089029
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [29089029](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29089029/)