# Structural and lipid peroxidation effects of lead on rat hippocampus and its attenuation by hydrogen rich water.
> 水素水による鉛誘発性ラット海馬の構造的・脂質過酸化障害への防御効果


## Abstract

This animal study examined whether hydrogen-rich water (HRW) could counteract hippocampal damage caused by chronic lead exposure in rats. Four groups received sodium acetate, HRW, lead acetate (LA), or LA combined with HRW for 8 weeks. Lead exposure elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) and depleted antioxidant enzymes—glutathione reductase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase—all of which were restored by HRW co-administration. Nitric oxide levels, already reduced by LA, were unaffected by HRW. Histological examination and p53-based immunohistochemistry revealed that HRW reversed lead-induced structural alterations and significantly reduced the apoptotic index in hippocampal neurons. These findings indicate that HRW exerts neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic actions against lead neurotoxicity through antioxidant mechanisms, independent of nitric oxide modulation.

### Mechanism

HRW reduces lead-induced oxidative stress by normalizing elevated MDA and restoring glutathione reductase, catalase, and SOD activity, while suppressing p53-mediated apoptosis in hippocampal neurons without altering nitric oxide levels.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Paulis MG, Hassan OA, Abbass MF, Mohammad MAH
- **Journal**: J Chem Neuroanat
- **Year**: 2018
- **PMID**: [29694843](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694843/)
- **DOI**: [10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.004](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.04.004)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 29694843. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/29694843
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [29694843](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29694843/)