# Effects of alkaline-electrolyzed and hydrogen-rich water, in a high-fat-diet nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model.
> 高脂肪食誘発性非アルコール性脂肪肝モデルマウスにおけるアルカリ電解水および水素豊富水の影響


## Abstract

This animal study examined the effects of alkaline electrolyzed water (EAW) and hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice. EAW (pH 11, oxidation-reduction potential −495 mV, H2 0.2 mg/L) produced no significant differences compared with regular water in either normal-diet or HFD groups. Subsequent experiments comparing low-concentration HRW (L-HRW: 0.3 mg H2/L) and high-concentration HRW (H-HRW: 0.8 mg H2/L) revealed that H-HRW significantly reduced fat mass accumulation, increased lean body mass, and decreased hepatic lipid deposition (p<0.01) relative to regular water and L-HRW. Hepatocytes isolated from H-HRW-drinking mice also showed reduced lipid accumulation under palmitate overload conditions, indicating a direct cytoprotective role of molecular hydrogen. These findings suggest that H2 concentration is a critical determinant of efficacy and that molecular hydrogen is the principal bioactive component responsible for the observed hepatoprotective effects in EAW.

### Mechanism

Molecular hydrogen at sufficient concentration (0.8 mg/L) directly reduces hepatocyte lipid accumulation and confers cytoprotection against palmitate-induced lipotoxicity, thereby attenuating high-fat-diet-driven hepatic steatosis in a concentration-dependent manner.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Jackson K, Dressler N, Ben-Shushan RS, Meerson A, LeBaron TW, Tamir S
- **Journal**: World J Gastroenterol
- **Year**: 2018 (2018-12-07)
- **PMID**: [30568387](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568387/)
- **DOI**: [10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5095](https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v24.i45.5095)
- **PMC**: [PMC6288656](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6288656/)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: mixed

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 30568387. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/30568387
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [30568387](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30568387/)