# Hydrogen Nano-Bubble Water Suppresses ROS Generation, Adipogenesis, and Interleukin-6 Secretion in Hydrogen-Peroxide- or PMA-Stimulated Adipocytes and Three-Dimensional Subcutaneous Adipose Equivalents.
> 水素ナノバブル水による脂肪細胞および三次元皮下脂肪組織モデルにおけるROS産生・脂肪形成・IL-6分泌の抑制


## Abstract

Oxidative stress in adipose tissue contributes to inflammation and obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. This in vitro study examined how hydrogen nano-bubble water (HW) affects ROS generation, lipid accumulation, and IL-6 secretion in OP9 adipocytes stimulated with H₂O₂ or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), as well as in three-dimensional subcutaneous adipose equivalents. Nanoparticle tracking analysis confirmed approximately 1.17 × 10⁸ nano-sized bubbles per mL in fresh HW, with roughly half persisting after 8–13 months of storage. CellROX staining demonstrated that HW reduced intracellular ROS in both HaCaT keratinocytes and OP9 cells. PMA elevated lipid accumulation to 180% and increased IL-6 secretion 2.7-fold; H₂O₂ at 5 µM similarly promoted lipid accumulation. HW significantly counteracted these effects in both the cell and 3D tissue models, suggesting a capacity to limit oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and adipogenesis at the cellular and tissue levels.

### Mechanism

HW is proposed to scavenge intracellular ROS generated by H₂O₂ or PMA stimulation, thereby reducing downstream lipid accumulation and IL-6 secretion in adipocytes and 3D adipose tissue constructs.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Xiao L, Miwa N
- **Journal**: Cells
- **Year**: 2021 (2021-03-11)
- **PMID**: [33799840](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799840/)
- **DOI**: [10.3390/cells10030626](https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030626)
- **PMC**: [PMC7998368](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7998368/)
- **Study type**: in vitro study
- **Delivery route**: in vitro
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

## Safety notes

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 33799840. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/33799840
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [33799840](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799840/)