# Hydrogen Promotes the M1 Macrophage Conversion During the Polarization of Macrophages in Necrotizing Enterocolitis.
> 壊死性腸炎におけるマクロファージ極性化過程でのM1マクロファージ変換に対する水素の影響


## Abstract

Using a necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) mouse model alongside RAW264.7 cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages, this study examined how hydrogen influences macrophage polarization. M1 and M2 macrophages were successfully induced, and cytokine profiles, CD16/32, and CD206 expression were assessed by quantitative PCR and flow cytometry. Hydrogen exposure reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and CD16/32 expression in M1 macrophages, with suppression of CD16/32 also observed in lamina propria-derived macrophages but not in other tissues. Western blot analysis revealed that nuclear NF-κB p65 levels were diminished in both M1 macrophages and the distal ileum of NEC mice. Histological evaluation confirmed a reduction in NEC severity following hydrogen administration. These findings indicate that hydrogen modulates M1 macrophage polarization via NF-κB p65 nuclear suppression, thereby attenuating intestinal inflammation in NEC.

### Mechanism

Hydrogen suppresses nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in M1 macrophages, leading to reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production and decreased CD16/32 expression, thereby diminishing intestinal inflammation in necrotizing enterocolitis.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Yu S, Lv Z, Gao Z, Shi J, Sheng Q, Zheng L, et al.
- **Journal**: Front Pediatr
- **Year**: 2021
- **PMID**: [34869093](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869093/)
- **DOI**: [10.3389/fped.2021.710382](https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2021.710382)
- **PMC**: [PMC8635714](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8635714/)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: animal model
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

This study is at the animal-experiment stage. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

This study is at the animal-experiment stage. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 34869093. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/34869093
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [34869093](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34869093/)