# Dynamics of Metabolic and Oxidative Parameters of Erythrocytes during Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure with Molecular Hydrogen.
> 慢性心不全患者における分子状水素吸入が赤血球の代謝・酸化パラメータに与える影響の経時的変化


## Abstract

This study examined the influence of 2% molecular hydrogen (H2) inhalation on erythrocyte biochemical markers in patients with chronic heart failure. H2 was administered for 40 minutes either once or on five consecutive days. Both single and repeated inhalation sessions elevated erythrocyte ATP concentrations, with the repeated regimen producing a more pronounced increase. Levels of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) rose specifically after repeated H2 exposure. Concurrently, malondialdehyde concentrations declined and catalase activity increased, indicating reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant defense. These findings suggest that repeated H2 inhalation improves erythrocyte metabolic function and attenuates oxidative stress, potentially benefiting microcirculation and offering a degree of protection against ischemic and reperfusion injury to the myocardium.

### Mechanism

H2 inhalation elevated erythrocyte ATP and 2,3-DPG levels while reducing malondialdehyde and increasing catalase activity, suggesting that H2 suppresses lipid peroxidation and enhances antioxidant enzyme function, thereby improving erythrocyte metabolism and microcirculatory dynamics.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Deryugina AV, Danilova DA, Skokova AA, Brichkin YD, Pichugin VV, Medvedev AP, et al.
- **Journal**: Bull Exp Biol Med
- **Year**: 2022
- **PMID**: [36210415](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36210415/)
- **DOI**: [10.1007/s10517-022-05595-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-022-05595-z)
- **Study type**: human observational study
- **Delivery route**: inhalation
- **Effect reported**: positive
- **H2 concentration**: 2%

## Delivery context

For inhalation applications of molecular hydrogen, the lower flammability limit (LFL) deserves careful handling. The classical 4% figure applies to closed-system mixtures; the practical inhalation-environment threshold is 10%. Even pure-hydrogen output (the UFL 75% paradox) passes through the flammable range at the air–gas boundary. High-concentration (66% / 100%) inhalers are documented in the Japanese Consumer Affairs Agency accident-information database and are not recommended.

## Safety notes

For inhalation applications of molecular hydrogen, the lower flammability limit (LFL) deserves careful handling. The classical 4% figure applies to closed-system mixtures; the practical inhalation-environment threshold is 10%. Even pure-hydrogen output (the UFL 75% paradox) passes through the flammable range at the air–gas boundary. High-concentration (66% / 100%) inhalers are documented in the Japanese Consumer Affairs Agency accident-information database and are not recommended.

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [LFL / UFL terminology](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lfl-ufl-explained)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 36210415. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/36210415
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [36210415](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36210415/)