# Hydrogen-Rich Water Mitigates LPS-Induced Chronic Intestinal Inflammatory Response in Rats via Nrf-2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways.
> 水素水がラットのLPS誘発性慢性腸炎に対してNrf-2およびNF-κBシグナル経路を介して示す保護効果


## Abstract

Chronic low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure disrupts intestinal barrier integrity and promotes both local and systemic inflammation. This animal study examined whether orally administered hydrogen-rich water could counteract LPS-induced chronic intestinal inflammation in rats. Animals received hydrogen-rich water for seven months before tail-vein injection of LPS at 200 μg/kg. Biochemical and histological analyses—including ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry—revealed that hydrogen-rich water elevated superoxide dismutase activity and tight-junction protein levels, activated the Nrf-2 signaling pathway, and suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators cyclooxygenase-2, myeloperoxidase, and reactive oxygen species. Concurrently, NF-κB pathway activation was markedly reduced. These findings indicate that hydrogen-rich water protects against LPS-driven chronic intestinal inflammation by modulating the interplay between Nrf-2 and NF-κB signaling cascades.

### Mechanism

Hydrogen-rich water activates the Nrf-2 pathway to upregulate superoxide dismutase, while simultaneously suppressing NF-κB signaling, thereby reducing COX-2, myeloperoxidase, and ROS levels and preserving tight-junction protein integrity in the intestinal barrier.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Peng J, He Q, Li SC, Liu TT, Zhang JH
- **Journal**: Vet Sci
- **Year**: 2022 (2022-11-08)
- **PMID**: [36356098](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36356098/)
- **DOI**: [10.3390/vetsci9110621](https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110621)
- **PMC**: [PMC9692594](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9692594/)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 36356098. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/36356098
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [36356098](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36356098/)