# The effect of hydrogen-rich water consumption on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial. > 水素水摂取が月経前症状の重症度および生活の質に与える影響：無作為化対照試験 ## Abstract A randomized controlled trial enrolled 65 women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), allocated to an intervention group (n=33) consuming 1500–2000 mL of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) daily or a placebo water group (n=32). Participants followed the protocol from day 16 of their menstrual cycle through day 2 of the subsequent cycle across three consecutive cycles. Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) scores were significantly lower in the HRW group at both the first and second follow-up assessments (P<0.05). At the first follow-up, the Physical Health and Psychological domains of the WHOQOL-BREF showed significantly higher scores in the HRW group compared to controls (P<0.05). A significant group-by-time interaction was detected for PMSS (F=10.54, P<0.001), whereas no such interaction reached significance for WHOQOL-BREF overall. These findings indicate that regular HRW consumption is associated with reduced PMS symptom severity and improvements in physical and psychological quality-of-life domains. ### Mechanism HRW's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are proposed to reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling during the premenstrual phase, thereby alleviating both somatic and psychological PMS symptoms. ## Bibliographic - **Authors**: Aker MN, Gönenç İM, Çalişici D, Bulut M, Alwazeer D, LeBaron TW - **Journal**: BMC Womens Health - **Year**: 2024 (2024-03-26) - **PMID**: [38532373](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532373/) - **DOI**: [10.1186/s12905-024-03029-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-024-03029-8) - **PMC**: [PMC10964576](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10964576/) - **Study type**: human randomized controlled trial - **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water - **Effect reported**: positive ## Delivery context Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended). ## Safety notes Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended). See also: - [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration) - [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases) - [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage) --- > **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 38532373. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/38532373 > **Source**: PubMed PMID [38532373](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38532373/)