# A Novel Antioxidant, Hydrogen-Rich Coral Calcium Alters Gut Microbiome and Bile Acid Synthesis to Improve Methionine-and-Choline-Deficient Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
> 水素富化サンゴカルシウムによる腸内細菌叢および胆汁酸合成の調節を介したメチオニン・コリン欠乏食誘発性非アルコール性脂肪肝疾患への影響


## Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely linked to metabolic disorders and hepatocellular carcinoma risk, yet effective interventions remain limited. This mouse study examined hydrogen-rich coral calcium (HRCC), a convenient solid formulation, in a methionine-and-choline-deficient (MCD) diet model of NAFLD. HRCC administration reduced elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels, suppressed hepatic inflammatory factor expression, and upregulated antioxidative enzyme activity. Bile acid biosynthesis-related gene expression was enhanced, and hepatic bile acid species—including muricholic acids, 23-nor-deoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, and cholic acids—were increased. Gut microbiome profiling revealed significant compositional shifts, with enrichment of specific bacterial taxa. These findings indicate that HRCC exerts beneficial effects on MCD-induced NAFLD through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, as well as modulation of the gut microbiota–bile acid axis.

### Mechanism

HRCC upregulates antioxidative enzyme expression, suppresses hepatic inflammatory mediators, and reshapes gut microbiota composition, collectively enhancing bile acid biosynthesis gene expression and altering intrahepatic bile acid profiles to ameliorate NAFLD pathology.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Wu HB, Tsai CS, Chao TH, Ou HY, Tsai LM
- **Journal**: Antioxidants (Basel)
- **Year**: 2024 (2024-06-20)
- **PMID**: [38929185](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929185/)
- **DOI**: [10.3390/antiox13060746](https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060746)
- **PMC**: [PMC11201271](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11201271/)
- **Study type**: animal study
- **Delivery route**: animal model
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

This study is at the animal-experiment stage. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

This study is at the animal-experiment stage. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 38929185. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/38929185
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [38929185](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38929185/)