# Hydrogen-Rich Water (HRW) Reduces Fatty Acid-Induced Lipid Accumulation and Oxidative Stress Damage through Activating AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in HepG2 Cells.
> 水素水がHepG2細胞における脂肪酸誘発性脂質蓄積と酸化ストレスをAMPK活性化を介して軽減する


## Abstract

Using free fatty acid (FFA)-loaded HepG2 cells as an in vitro model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), this study examined the effects of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on hepatocellular lipid metabolism. Exposure to elevated FFA concentrations markedly increased lipid droplet (LD) size and number. HRW supplementation reduced both LD diameter and overall lipid accumulation. Additionally, HRW suppressed lipid peroxidation and FFA-induced reactive oxygen species generation. Mechanistic analysis indicated that these effects were mediated through activation of the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis, suggesting that HRW may serve as an adjunctive supplement to limit MASLD progression by reinforcing antioxidant defenses and modulating lipid droplet dynamics.

### Mechanism

HRW activates AMPK, which in turn upregulates Nrf2 and HO-1, leading to suppression of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, thereby reducing lipid droplet accumulation in FFA-challenged hepatocytes.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Tsou SH, Lin S, Chen W, Hung HC, Liao C, Kornelius E, et al.
- **Journal**: Biomedicines
- **Year**: 2024 (2024-06-28)
- **PMID**: [39062020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39062020/)
- **DOI**: [10.3390/biomedicines12071444](https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071444)
- **PMC**: [PMC11274623](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11274623/)
- **Study type**: in vitro study
- **Delivery route**: in vitro
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

## Safety notes

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 39062020. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/39062020
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [39062020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39062020/)