# Mitigating environmental toxicity with hydrogen nanobubbles: A mitochondrial function-based approach to ecological restoration.
> 水素ナノバブルによる環境毒性の軽減：ミトコンドリア機能に基づく生態系修復アプローチ


## Abstract

This study examined hydrogen nanobubble (NB) water prepared with constant dissolved hydrogen concentrations but varying NB densities to assess physicochemical properties and biological effects on the green alga Chlorella vulgaris under oxidative stress induced by copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) ions. A strong correlation was found between NB number density and the 24-hour 25% inhibitory concentration for Cu, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) removal efficiency rising proportionally with NB density. Gas chromatography confirmed that the elevated gas density of hydrogen NBs facilitated intracellular hydrogen delivery into C. vulgaris. Regarding mitochondrial activity, hydrogen NBs enhanced the function of complexes I and V, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential, and significantly accelerated electron transfer rates as measured by mitochondrial electrode experiments. These findings indicate that high NB gas density amplifies intracellular hydrogen uptake and reinforces mitochondrial function under heavy metal-induced oxidative conditions.

### Mechanism

High gas density of hydrogen nanobubbles promotes intracellular hydrogen delivery, which enhances mitochondrial complex I and V activity, maintains membrane potential, and accelerates electron transfer rates, collectively improving ROS scavenging capacity under heavy metal-induced oxidative stress.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Bao H, Zhang YJ, Lv S, Liu SJ, Fan W
- **Journal**: Environ Int
- **Year**: 2024
- **PMID**: [39515037](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39515037/)
- **DOI**: [10.1016/j.envint.2024.109126](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2024.109126)
- **Study type**: in vitro study
- **Delivery route**: in vitro
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

## Safety notes

This is basic research at the cellular or molecular level. For human application, inhalation is the most promising delivery route, but inhalation carries explosion risk and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 39515037. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/39515037
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [39515037](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39515037/)