# Dynamic Immunomodulation by Hydrogen Capsule Therapy in SLE-associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Case Report.
> SLE関連肺動脈性肺高血圧症における水素カプセル摂取による二相性免疫調節：症例報告


## Abstract

A 45-year-old Taiwanese woman diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicated by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) underwent serial immunophenotyping before, during, and after hydrogen capsule intake. During the intake period, KLRG1-positive T cells and CD39+Helios-negative regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets were markedly reduced, and regulatory B cells (Bregs) showed a parallel decline. Following discontinuation, all these immune populations rebounded toward baseline levels. The findings indicate a biphasic immunomodulatory pattern: an initial phase of dampened immune activation during hydrogen exposure, succeeded by a regulatory rebalancing phase after cessation. Clinical improvement was also noted during the intake period. This case highlights the dynamic interplay between molecular hydrogen and immune cell populations in autoimmune-associated vascular disease.

### Mechanism

Molecular hydrogen, acting as a selective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, transiently suppressed KLRG1+ exhausted T cells, CD39+Helios- Tregs, and Bregs during intake; cessation led to a regulatory rebound, indicating a biphasic immunomodulatory mechanism in autoimmune vascular disease.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Liu C, Lu J, Wu CY, Ho YJ, Lui SW, Hsieh TY, et al.
- **Journal**: In Vivo
- **Year**: 2025
- **PMID**: [41167678](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41167678/)
- **DOI**: [10.21873/invivo.14165](https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.14165)
- **PMC**: [PMC12588193](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12588193/)
- **Study type**: human case report
- **Delivery route**: hydrogen-rich water
- **Effect reported**: positive

## Delivery context

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

## Safety notes

Hydrogen-rich water is a low-risk delivery route, but the achievable systemic hydrogen dose is bounded. For clinical applications, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk, and concentration matters (empirical LFL of 10% applies to inhalation environments; high-concentration devices are documented in the Consumer Affairs Agency accident database and are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)
- [Inhalation safety threshold lineage](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/lineage)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 41167678. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/41167678
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [41167678](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41167678/)