# Medical Gases as Emerging Regulators of Paediatric Endocrine and Neurodevelopmental Pathways: A Mini-Review.
> 小児内分泌・神経発達経路における医療ガスの新たな調節的役割：ミニレビュー


## Abstract

This mini-review synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence from 2007 to 2025 on the roles of gasotransmitters—nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, and molecular hydrogen—in paediatric endocrine and neurodevelopmental contexts. These gases regulate redox homeostasis and intracellular signalling in tissues that are especially vulnerable to oxidative and inflammatory disruption during development. Findings indicate that gasotransmitters influence synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation, with implications for conditions such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and perinatal hypoxia outcomes. They also participate in osteogenesis, osteoclast function, and hypothalamic regulation of puberty. Conditions characterised by elevated oxidative stress, including Klinefelter and Turner syndromes, represent areas of particular interest. Advances in omics profiling, mechanistic research, and biomaterial-based gas delivery systems are broadening the translational scope of this field, potentially informing future diagnostic and preventive strategies in paediatric endocrinology and neurodevelopment.

### Mechanism

Gasotransmitters including molecular hydrogen scavenge reactive oxygen species and modulate redox-sensitive signalling, thereby influencing synaptic plasticity, neurotransmission, osteogenesis, osteoclast activity, and hypothalamic control of puberty in developing paediatric tissues.

## Bibliographic

- **Authors**: Paparella R, Panvino F, Pucarelli I, Tarani L
- **Journal**: Acta Paediatr
- **Year**: 2026
- **PMID**: [41482991](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41482991/)
- **DOI**: [10.1111/apa.70429](https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.70429)
- **PMC**: [PMC12975699](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12975699/)
- **Study type**: review
- **Delivery route**: not specified
- **Effect reported**: not assessed

## Delivery context

The delivery route is not clearly identifiable from this paper. For hydrogen intake, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

## Safety notes

The delivery route is not clearly identifiable from this paper. For hydrogen intake, inhalation is the most efficient route; inhalation, however, carries explosion risk (empirical LFL of 10%; high-concentration devices are not recommended).

See also:
- [Inhalation concentration and LFL / UFL](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/inhalation-concentration)
- [Consumer Affairs Agency accident cases](https://h2-papers.org/en/safety-notes/accident-cases)

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> **Cite as**: H2 Papers — PMID 41482991. https://h2-papers.org/en/papers/41482991
> **Source**: PubMed PMID [41482991](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41482991/)