apoptosis regulation

280 papers

Research evidence summary

Q: Does molecular hydrogen help with apoptosis regulation?

A: Of 280 peer-reviewed papers, 197 reported a positive effect (the most common), 8 limited/mixed, 2 negative, 72 not assessed. Study mix: 8 human (3 RCT), 196 animal/basic, 74 meta-analysis or synthesis. The most studied delivery route is mixed routes. The above aggregates published research and does not constitute a clinically established conclusion. See the individual paper pages for details and Safety notes for inhalation safety. (last updated 2026-05-15)

Evidence breakdown
Human	8	of which RCT	3
Animal/basic	196	Synthesis/meta	74
Reported effect	positive 197 ・ limited/mixed 8 ・ negative 2 ・ not assessed 72

Read the safety notes →

Delivery-method distribution

mixed routes: 61 hydrogen-rich water: 61 inhalation: 53 in vitro: 47 injection / infusion: 29 not specified: 22 topical application: 5 hydrogen bath: 1 animal model: 1

Mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and associated mechanisms in sepsis-associated encephalopathy: from pathogenesis to emerging therapeutics.
2026 ・ Front Neurosci ・ PMID 42057900

not specified not assessed review
Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Capsule Therapy in Empyema Complicated by Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: A Case Report.
2026 ・ In Vivo ・ PMID 42049414

hydrogen-rich water positive human case report
Hydrogen gas inhalation alleviated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells and mice via PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathway.
2026 ・ J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis ・ PMID 42049119

inhalation positive animal study
Molecular hydrogen suppresses gut inflammation and pyroptosis in ulcerative colitis through promoting PKM2 lactylation to block NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
2026 ・ Int Immunopharmacol ・ PMID 42035551

mixed routes positive animal study
Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen via Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Regulation in a 5xFAD Mouse Model.
2026 ・ Antioxidants (Basel) ・ PMID 41897548

inhalation positive animal study
Ru-Based NSAIDs as Potential Anticancer Therapeutics.
2026 ・ Molecules ・ PMID 41752368

in vitro positive in vitro study
Long-Term Consumption of Hydrogen-Rich Water Mitigates Oxidative Stress, Hepatic Inflammation, and Apoptosis in Rats with LPS-Induced Chronic Liver Injury.
2026 ・ Antioxidants (Basel) ・ PMID 41750640

hydrogen-rich water positive animal study
Transcriptome-Based Evaluation of Hydrogen Gas Effects for Preventing UVA-Induced Photoaging Using an Artificial Skin Model.
2026 ・ Geriatr Gerontol Int ・ PMID 41749059

in vitro positive in vitro study
Acoustic hydrogen delivery to treat PANoptosis induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.
2026 ・ Biomater Adv ・ PMID 41671925

injection / infusion positive animal study
Magnesium silicate nanosheets enable sustained hydrogen release to attenuate secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage.
2026 ・ J Transl Med ・ PMID 41654898

mixed routes positive animal study
Hydrogen ameliorates psoriasis-like skin inflammation via inhibiting the cGAS-STING pathway.
2026 ・ Clin Exp Immunol ・ PMID 41533764

mixed routes positive animal study
Hydrogen gas promotes neuroprotection and upregulates ATF5 expression in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
2026 ・ Exp Neurol ・ PMID 41386344

inhalation positive animal study
Sequential hydrogen-release implant for promoting the soft tissue integration through immunomodulatory and pro-remodeling coupling.
2026 ・ Bioact Mater ・ PMID 41334374

in vitro positive in vitro study
Therapeutic potential of magnesium diboride nanosheets in PAH-associated right heart failure: Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals ferroptosis suppression via LC3/ATG5/NCOA4/FTH1 pathway.
2026 ・ Free Radic Biol Med ・ PMID 41308938

in vitro positive animal study
Gas Therapies for Neuro-Protection.
2026 ・ Crit Care Clin ・ PMID 41260719

inhalation not assessed review
Advances in hydrogen delivery strategies for therapeutic applications.
2026 ・ Adv Drug Deliv Rev ・ PMID 41232804

mixed routes not assessed review
Molecular hydrogen mitigates acetaminophen-induced liver injury and enhances the effects of N-acetylcysteine in diabetic mice.
2026 ・ J Nutr Biochem ・ PMID 41207540

hydrogen-rich water positive animal study
Molecular hydrogen and kidney diseases: a scoping review based on scientometry and data analytics.
2026 ・ Med Gas Res ・ PMID 40826940

mixed routes positive review
Molecular Hydrogen Affords Similar Neuroprotection to Therapeutic Hypothermia in a Porcine Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.
2025 ・ Antioxidants (Basel) ・ PMID 41462605

inhalation positive animal study
Hydrogen rescues vascular endothelial cells in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome by modulating nitric oxide.
2025 ・ J Thorac Dis ・ PMID 41376930

mixed routes positive animal study
Four-dimensional data independent acquisition proteomics and metabolomics reveal mechanisms of hydrogen-rich water at Zusanli (ST36) point against triple-negative breast cancer in mice.
2025 ・ J Tradit Chin Med ・ PMID 41376217

injection / infusion positive animal study
Exploring the Potential of Molecular Hydrogen in Different Heart Failure Models: A Review.
2025 ・ Int J Mol Sci ・ PMID 41373725

mixed routes not assessed review
Molecular hydrogen-mediated SIRT1 activation alleviates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by promoting mitophagy.
2025 ・ Eur J Med Res ・ PMID 41351127

inhalation positive animal study
Molecular mechanisms associated with effects of hydrogen molecule in liver diseases: the review of current evidence.
2025 ・ Eur J Med Res ・ PMID 41194243

mixed routes not assessed review
Hydrogen-rich gas enhances mitochondrial membrane potential and respiratory function recovery in Caco-2 cells post-ischemia-reperfusion injury.
2025 ・ Biochem Biophys Res Commun ・ PMID 41043278

in vitro positive in vitro study