H₂ Papers

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Hydrogen gas presents a promising therapeutic strategy for sepsis.

敗血症に対する水素ガスの有望な効果：酸化ストレス・炎症・アポトーシス調節機序のレビュー

review inhalation not assessed

Abstract

Sepsis, defined by a systemic inflammatory response to infection, continues to impose substantial morbidity and mortality in critically ill populations despite advances in critical care. This review consolidates findings on molecular hydrogen (H2) gas in experimental sepsis models. Studies using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), zymosan, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction in mice and rats demonstrated that H2 gas improved survival rates and reduced organ damage. The underlying mechanisms appear to involve suppression of oxidative stress, modulation of inflammatory cascades, and regulation of apoptotic pathways, potentially mediated through NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. The authors summarize the current state of evidence for H2 in sepsis research.

Mechanism

H2 gas modulates oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and apoptosis via NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, thereby reducing organ damage and improving survival in rodent sepsis models.

Bibliographic

Authors
Xie K, Liu L, Yu Y, Wang G
Journal
Biomed Res Int
Year
2014
PMID
24829918
DOI
10.1155/2014/807635
PMC
PMC4009185

Tags

Disease:sepsis (48) Mechanism:apoptosis regulation (280) anti-inflammatory (743) Nrf2 pathway (106) oxidative stress (899) reactive oxygen species (774)

Delivery context

In air, molecular hydrogen is reported to be combustible across approximately **4% (LFL, lower flammability limit) to 75% (UFL, upper flammability limit)**. Among high-concentration hydrogen inhalers, 66% output sits inside this range, and even pure-hydrogen (100%) output forms a 4–75% concentration-gradient layer at the device–air boundary (the UFL 75% paradox). Engineering principle would therefore call for operation below LFL (the classical 4%); that figure, however, was measured under closed, pre-mixed, static conditions. For the open, dynamic inhalation environment, the empirical value reported in the literature is **10%**, which is the figure referenced in practice as the operating ceiling. The 66% / 100% output devices are recorded in the Japanese Consumer Affairs Agency accident-information database, and from these considerations are not recommended.

→ Evidence by delivery route

Safety notes

In air, molecular hydrogen is reported to be combustible across approximately **4% (LFL, lower flammability limit) to 75% (UFL, upper flammability limit)**. Among high-concentration hydrogen inhalers, 66% output sits inside this range, and even pure-hydrogen (100%) output forms a 4–75% concentration-gradient layer at the device–air boundary (the UFL 75% paradox). Engineering principle would therefore call for operation below LFL (the classical 4%); that figure, however, was measured under closed, pre-mixed, static conditions. For the open, dynamic inhalation environment, the empirical value reported in the literature is **10%**, which is the figure referenced in practice as the operating ceiling. The 66% / 100% output devices are recorded in the Japanese Consumer Affairs Agency accident-information database, and from these considerations are not recommended.

See also:

Other papers on the same disease / condition