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Concentration-band classification of hydrogen inhalers
Hydrogen inhalation concentrations cluster into three operational bands: low (≤ 10%), mid (10–66%), and high (66–100%). Literature trends in safety and effect differ by band.
Related papers (100)
- Gas Therapies for Neuro-Protection.
Crit Care Clin 2026 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Hydrogen gas promotes neuroprotection and upregulates ATF5 expression in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
Exp Neurol 2026 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Sixty-minute inhalation of molecular hydrogen decreases blood oxygen saturation but does not alter autonomic cardiac regulation at rest in healthy females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2026 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — mixed - Emerging Clinical Applications for Molecular Hydrogen.
Respir Care 2026 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Hydrogen inhalation is associated with a transient rightward shift in prefrontal oxyhemoglobin asymmetry and autonomic modulation.
Sci Rep 2026 — human observational study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen triggers TRPC4-TRPC4AP-dependent reversible calcium transients via extracellular influx.
Theranostics 2026 — in vitro study — inhalation — positive - [The combined use of inhaled nitric oxide and molecular hydrogen in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome].
Ter Arkh 2026 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Neuroprotective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen via Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation Regulation in a 5xFAD Mouse Model.
Antioxidants (Basel) 2026 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular Hydrogen Modulates the Baroreflex Activity and Reduces the Vascular Adrenoreceptor Sensitivity to Phenylephrine and Lung Inflammation in Rats with Pulmonary Hypertension.
Biomedicines 2026 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen gas inhalation alleviated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells and mice via PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathway.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2026 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Respiratory-physiology modeling of therapeutic hydrogen inhalation: defining the fraction of inspired hydrogen (FiH) and flow-rate requirements.
Respir Res 2026 — other — inhalation — not assessed - Effects of Inhalation of Hydrogen Gas on Allergic Conjunctivitis Model Mice.
J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2026 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Inhalation of hydrogen gas reduces exacerbations of acute aortic dissection in mice.
Life Sci 2026 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen restores central tryptophan and metabolite levels and maintains mitochondrial homeostasis to protect rats from chronic mild unpredictable stress damage.
Neurochem Int 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Evaluation of the therapeutic effects of nebulized inhalation of hydrogen-rich water on primary blast lung injury in C57BL/6 mice.
Surgery 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen inhalation modulates resting metabolism in healthy females: findings from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.
Med Gas Res 2025 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen-oxygen mixture inhalation as an adjunctive treatment to home-based exercise in older patients with knee osteoarthritis: an open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomized controlled trial.
Front Pharmacol 2025 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — mixed - Performance of Unmodified Mechanical Ventilators With 2% Hydrogen Gas Mixtures.
Respir Care 2025 — other — inhalation — not assessed - [Efficiency and safety of the integrated use of medical gases thermal heliox, nitric oxide and molecular hydrogen in patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by hypoxemic, hypercapnic respiratory failure and secondary pulmonary arterial hypertension in the post-COVID period].
Ter Arkh 2025 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen mitigates traumatic brain injury-induced lung injury via NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.
BMC Chem 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen attenuates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by modulating β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism.
Mol Biol Rep 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen protects against sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy through improving Golgi stress-mediated autophagy, inflammation and apoptosis.
Br J Pharmacol 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen Gas Attenuates Toxic Metabolites and Oxidative Stress-Mediated Signaling to Inhibit Neurodegeneration and Enhance Memory in Alzheimer's Disease Models.
Int J Mol Sci 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Clinical Efficacy of Hydrogen Therapy on Acute Radiation Enteritis and Inflammatory Response in Patients with Cervical Cancer Undergoing Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy.
Adv Radiat Oncol 2025 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Gut microbiota as a central mediator in hydrogen gas-induced alleviation of colitis via TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2 pathway regulation.
Int Immunopharmacol 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen-mediated SIRT1 activation alleviates sepsis-associated encephalopathy by promoting mitophagy.
Eur J Med Res 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular Hydrogen Affords Similar Neuroprotection to Therapeutic Hypothermia in a Porcine Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.
Antioxidants (Basel) 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Application of Molecular Hydrogen in Early Heart Failure Development: Modulation of Microcirculation, Metabolism, Oxidative Stress, and Myocardial Status.
Antioxidants (Basel) 2025 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy in mice by promoting autophagy.
BMC Anesthesiol 2024 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen inhalation: in vivo rat genotoxicity tests.
Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2024 — animal study — inhalation — null - Molecular Hydrogen as a Promising Therapy Could Be Linked With Increased Resting Treg Cells or Decreased Fas+ T Cell Subsets in a IgG4-PF-ILD Patient: A Case Report.
In Vivo 2024 — human case report — inhalation — positive - [Rehabilitation program of post-COVID-19 syndrome with the use of nitric oxide and molecular hydrogen].
Ter Arkh 2024 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Inhalation of hydrogen gas mitigates sevoflurane-induced neuronal apoptosis in the neonatal cortex and is associated with changes in protein phosphorylation.
J Neurochem 2024 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen promotes retinal vascular regeneration and attenuates neovascularization and neuroglial dysfunction in oxygen-induced retinopathy mice.
Biol Res 2024 — animal study — inhalation — positive - The impact of hydrogen inhalation therapy on blood reactive oxygen species levels: A randomized controlled study.
Free Radic Biol Med 2024 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Hinhalation therapy in patients with moderate COVID-19 (HCOVID): a prospective ascending-dose phase I clinical trial.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024 — human case report — inhalation — positive - Realizing brain therapy with "smart medicine": mechanism and case report of molecular hydrogen inhalation for Parkinson's disease.
Med Gas Res 2024 — human case report — inhalation — positive - Combination of Hydrogen Inhalation and Hypothermic Temperature Control After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Post hoc Analysis of the Efficacy of Inhaled Hydrogen on Neurologic Outcome Following Brain Ischemia During PostCardiac Arrest Care II Trial.
Crit Care Med 2024 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — mixed - Inhalation of H/O(66.7 %/33.3 %) mitigates depression-like behaviors in diabetes mellitus complicated with depression mice via suppressing inflammation and preventing hippocampal damage.
Biomed Pharmacother 2024 — animal study — inhalation — positive - The Role of Mast Cells in the Remodeling Effects of Molecular Hydrogen on the Lung Local Tissue Microenvironment under Simulated Pulmonary Hypertension.
Int J Mol Sci 2024 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Oxidative Stress on Ovalbumin-Induced Asthmatic BALB/c Mouse Model.
Antioxidants (Basel) 2024 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular Hydrogen Mediates Neurorestorative Effects After Stroke in Diabetic Rats: the TLR4/NF-κB Inflammatory Pathway.
J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Attenuates Acute Impulse Noise Trauma: A Preclinical In Vivo Study.
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen exposure improves functional state of red blood cells in the early postoperative period: a randomized clinical study.
Med Gas Res 2023 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Inhalation of 4% and 67% hydrogen ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and necroptosis in a rat model of glycerol-induced acute kidney injury.
Med Gas Res 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction through regulation of tau phosphorylation.
Int Immunopharmacol 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Intermittent environmental exposure to hydrogen prevents skin photoaging through reduction of oxidative stress.
Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - The Effect of Molecular Hydrogen on Functional States of Erythrocytes in Rats with Simulated Chronic Heart Failure.
Life (Basel) 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Efficacy of inhaled hydrogen on neurological outcome following brain ischaemia during post-cardiac arrest care (HYBRID II): a multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
EClinicalMedicine 2023 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — mixed - Molecular hydrogen promotes wound healing by inducing early epidermal stem cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition.
Inflamm Regen 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Community-Dwelling Adults of Various Ages: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Prospective Clinical Trial.
Antioxidants (Basel) 2023 — human observational study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen Attenuates Inflammation by Inducing Early M2 Macrophage Polarization in Skin Wound Healing.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Inhaled molecular hydrogen reduces hippocampal neuroinflammation, glial reactivity and ameliorates memory impairment during systemic inflammation.
Brain Behav Immun Health 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen: prospective treatment strategy of kidney damage after cardiac surgery.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Attenuation of pulmonary damage in aged lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation mice through continuous 2 % hydrogen gas inhalation: A potential therapeutic strategy for geriatric inflammation and survival.
Exp Gerontol 2023 — animal study — inhalation — mixed - Antitumoral Activity of Molecular Hydrogen and Proton in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: An Atypical Pharmacology?
Brain Sci 2023 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Molecular Hydrogen Reduces the Degree of Endothelial Alteration under Conditions of Chronic Heart Failure.
Bull Exp Biol Med 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - The efficacy of hydrogen/oxygen therapy favored the recovery of omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant infection: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial.
J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Hyperbaric hydrogen therapy improves secondary brain injury after head trauma.
Undersea Hyperb Med 2023 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen Inhalation Reduces Lung Inflammation and Blood Pressure in the Experimental Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats.
Biomedicines 2023 — animal study — inhalation — mixed - Molecular hydrogen alleviates lung injury after traumatic brain injury: Pyroptosis and apoptosis.
Eur J Pharmacol 2022 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular Hydrogen Positively Affects Physical and Respiratory Function in Acute Post-COVID-19 Patients: A New Perspective in Rehabilitation.
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — positive - Development of a novel porcine ischemia/reperfusion model inducing different ischemia times in bilateral kidneys-effects of hydrogen gas inhalation.
Transl Androl Urol 2022 — animal study — inhalation — mixed - Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Regressed Coronary Artery Aneurysm in Kawasaki Disease-Case Report and Article Review.
Front Cardiovasc Med 2022 — human case report — inhalation — positive - Post-COVID-19 fatigue: A systematic review.
Front Psychiatry 2022 — review — inhalation — positive - Dynamics of Metabolic and Oxidative Parameters of Erythrocytes during Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure with Molecular Hydrogen.
Bull Exp Biol Med 2022 — human observational study — inhalation — positive - The effects of hydrogen treatment in a cigarette smoke solution-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like changes in an animal model.
J Thorac Dis 2022 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen gas and preservation of intestinal stem cells in mesenteric ischemia and reperfusion.
World J Gastrointest Surg 2022 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen and therapeutic gases for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: potential neuroprotective adjuncts in translational research.
Pediatr Res 2021 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Hydrogen Gas Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Brain Injury by Improving Mitochondrial Biogenesis Through the Activation of PGC-α in Mice.
Shock 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen downregulates acute exhaustive exercise-induced skeletal muscle damage.
Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen as a Potential Therapeutic in Obesity: Targeting the Brain.
Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Hydrogen Gas Therapy Attenuates Inflammatory Pathway Signaling in Septic Mice.
J Surg Res 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Molecular Hydrogen in Treating Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19.
Chem Res Toxicol 2021 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Inhaled gases as novel neuroprotective therapies in the postcardiac arrest period.
Curr Opin Crit Care 2021 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Hydrogen gas alleviates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment through regulation of DNMT1 and DNMT3a-mediated BDNF promoter IV methylation in mice.
Int Immunopharmacol 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen alleviates asthma through inhibiting IL-33/ILC2 axis.
Inflamm Res 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Protective effects of hydrogen gas inhalation on radiation-induced bone marrow damage in cancer patients: a retrospective observational study.
Med Gas Res 2021 — human observational study — inhalation — positive - Molecular Hydrogen Maintains the Storage Quality of Chinese Chive through Improving Antioxidant Capacity.
Plants (Basel) 2021 — other — inhalation — positive - Inhalation of Molecular Hydrogen, a Rescue Treatment for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss.
Front Cell Neurosci 2021 — animal study — inhalation — mixed - Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of hydrogen inhalation for Parkinson's disease: a pilot study.
Neurol Sci 2021 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — null - Application of Molecular Hydrogen in Heart Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass.
Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021 — human observational study — inhalation — positive - Inhalation of 2% Hydrogen Improves Survival Rate and Attenuates Shedding of Vascular Endothelial Glycocalyx in Rats with Heat Stroke.
Shock 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - High concentration of hydrogen gas alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway in mice.
Int Immunopharmacol 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Effect of hydrogen gas inhalation on patient QOL after hepatectomy: protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Trials 2021 — human randomized controlled trial — inhalation — not assessed - The effects of inhaling hydrogen gas on macrophage polarization, fibrosis, and lung function in mice with bleomycin-induced lung injury.
BMC Pulm Med 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular Hydrogen: A Promising Adjunctive Strategy for the Treatment of the COVID-19.
Front Med (Lausanne) 2021 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Therapeutic Effects of Hydrogen Gas Inhalation on Trimethyltin-Induced Neurotoxicity and Cognitive Impairment in the C57BL/6 Mice Model.
Int J Mol Sci 2021 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Inhaled molecular hydrogen attenuates intense acute exercise-induced hippocampal inflammation in sedentary rats.
Neurosci Lett 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Molecular hydrogen attenuates sepsis-induced neuroinflammation through regulation of microglia polarization through an mTOR-autophagy-dependent pathway.
Int Immunopharmacol 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - A "philosophical molecule," hydrogen may overcome senescence and intractable diseases.
Med Gas Res 2020 — review — inhalation — not assessed - Constitutive hydrogen inhalation prevents vascular remodeling via reduction of oxidative stress.
PLoS One 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Chronic molecular hydrogen inhalation mitigates short and long-term memory loss in polymicrobial sepsis.
Brain Res 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen gas alleviates blood-brain barrier impairment and cognitive dysfunction of septic mice in an Nrf2-dependent pathway.
Int Immunopharmacol 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Pharmacokinetics of a single inhalation of hydrogen gas in pigs.
PLoS One 2020 — animal study — inhalation — not assessed - Hydrogen gas inhalation improves delayed brain injury by alleviating early brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Sci Rep 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Attenuates Endothelial Glycocalyx Damage and Stabilizes Hemodynamics in a Rat Hemorrhagic Shock Model.
Shock 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - Hydrogen inhalation inhibits microglia activation and neuroinflammation in a rat model of traumatic brain injury.
Brain Res 2020 — animal study — inhalation — positive - COVID-19 and molecular hydrogen inhalation.
Ther Adv Respir Dis 2020 — letter — inhalation — not assessed - Inhaled Hor CODo Not Augment the Neuroprotective Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia in a Severe Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Piglet Model.
Int J Mol Sci 2020 — animal study — inhalation — null
Related safety notes
Cite as: H2 Papers — https://h2-papers.org/en/topics/inhalers/concentration-classification